Korean J Women Health Nurs > Volume 27(2); 2021 > Article |
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Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization: Jung S, Kim S; Data collection, Formal analysis: Jung S, Kim Y; Writing-original draft: Jung S; Writing-review & editing: Jung S, Kim S, Park J, Choi M.
Conflict of interest
Sue Kim has been the editor-in-chief of the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing since January 2020. She was not involved in the review process of this manuscript. Otherwise, there was no conflict of interest.
Data availability
The dataset files are available from Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EFHSOY.
Variable | Categories | n (%) | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Publication year | <2018 | 8 (57.1) | [23-30] | |
≥2018 | 6 (42.9) | [31-36] | ||
Publication country | Domestic | Korea | 5 (35.7) | [28-30,34,36] |
International | Iran | 4 (28.6) | [24,25,33,35] | |
Turkey | 1 (7.1) | [31] | ||
Netherlands | 1 (7.1) | [32] | ||
United Kingdom | 1 (7.1) | [23] | ||
Australia | 1 (7.1) | [26] | ||
Ireland | 1 (7.1) | [27] | ||
Participants | <50 | 3 (21.4) | [27,29,34] | |
50–99 | 8 (57.1) | [24,25,28,30-33,36] | ||
≥100 | 3 (21.4) | [23,25,36] | ||
Population | Women with GDM in pregnancy | 10 (71.4) | [23-25,28-31,33-35] | |
Women with a GDM history within 5 years of childbirth (not diagnosed with T2DM) | 4 (28.6) | [26,27,32,36] | ||
Study design | RCT | 7 (50.0) | [23-27,31,32] | |
Non-RCT | 7 (50.0) | [28-30,33-36] | ||
Intervention level | Individual | 12 (85.7) | [23,25-34,36] | |
Group | 6 (42.9) | [24,26-28,30,35] | ||
Both | 4 (28.6) | [26-28,30] | ||
Intervention methods | Face-to-face | 6 (42.9) | [25-27,29,31,32] | |
Phone | 6 (42.9) | [26,28-30,32,36] | ||
Pamphlets | 3 (21.4) | [30,31,36] | ||
Video | 2 (14.3) | [23,36] | ||
Smartphone-based | 1 (7.1) | [33] | ||
Web-based | 1 (7.1) | [34] | ||
Text and postcards | 1 (7.1) | [32] | ||
Two or more methods | 8 (57.1) | [26-32,36] | ||
Total number of sessions | <10 times | 7 (50.0) | [23,24,26,29,30,35,36] | |
10–20 times | 6 (42.9) | [25,27,28,32-34] | ||
30 times | 1 (7.1) | [31] | ||
Intervention duration | 30 minutes–2 hours | 3 (21.4) | [23,25,36] | |
2–4 hours | 4 (28.6) | [30-32,35] | ||
>4 hours | 4 (28.6) | [24,27,28,34] | ||
Not reported | 3 (21.4) | [26,29,33] | ||
Psychosocial support interventions | Informational support | 12 (85.7) | [23,24,26-30,32-36] | |
Self-management motivation | 11 (78.6) | [23,24,26-30,32-36] | ||
Relaxation | 4 (28.6) | [25,28,30,31] | ||
Emotional support | 4 (28.6) | [23,28-30] |
First author (year) [reference] | Country | Study design | Sample | Experimental group | Control group | Measurement time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiskin (2018) [31] | Turkey | RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 24–28 wk) | n=30 | n=30 | Pretest, at 15 days, post-test (3 times) |
Diaphragmatic breathing exercises | Usual care | |||||
5 minutes every morning (face-to-face, pamphlets) | ||||||
30 days | ||||||
Jelsma (2018) [32] | Netherlands | RCT | Women with GDM history (6–48 months after delivery) and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | n=29 | n=30 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
Behavioral LSM education | Usual care | |||||
Counseling: 1 hour (2 face-to-face), 5 telephone, follow-up (5 via text messaging, 4 postcard) | ||||||
5 months | ||||||
Draffin (2017) [23] | United Kingdom (multi-center) | RCT | Pregnant women with GDM | n=75 | n=67 | Pretest, 2 weeks after intervention, 6–8 weeks post-delivery (3 times) |
Educational DVD (46 minutes) on GDM and GDM management (individual): encouraging positive health behaviors and promoting positive feelings | Usual care | |||||
Zaheri (2017) [24] | Iran (two health centers) | RCT | Pregnant women with GDM, stress score >15 | n=40 | n=40 | Pretest, 2 weeks after the last session (2 times) |
Relaxation and cognitive-behavioral techniques: 2 hours×6 times (group) | Usual care | |||||
3 weeks | ||||||
Bastani (2016) [25] | Iran | RCT | Pregnant women with GDM | n=28 | n=29 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
Nurse-provided acupressure at the true point on the forearm: 3 minutes×3 times×2 (individual) | Acupressure at false point | |||||
2 days | ||||||
O’Reilly (2016) [26] | Australia (multi-center) | RCT | Women with a history of GDM within their first postnatal year | n=206 | n=228 | Pretest, 3 months/12 months after pretest (3 times) |
Individual education on DPP (1 time), group reviewing and longer-term goal setting (5 times), telephone reviewing and longer-term goal setting (2 times) | Usual care | |||||
3 months | ||||||
O’Dea (2015) [27] | Ireland | Mixed methods | Women with a history of GDM in the past 1–3 years and abnormal glucose tolerance | n=16 | n=20 | Pretest, post-test, 1-year follow-up (3 times) |
RCT | Individualized assessment, 1-hour group exercise, group education seminar, one-to-one motivational interview and individual goal setting with specialist nurse, physiotherapist, or dietician | Usual care (educational pamphlets and routine follow-up) | ||||
2.5 hours×12 times (face-to-face and group) | ||||||
12 weeks | ||||||
Ghaderi (2019) [33] | Iran | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 22–32 weeks) | n=44 | n=43 | Pretest, 6 weeks after the intervention |
Smartphone-based individual education on GDM and management, postpartum management, T2DM prevention | Usual care | (2 times) | ||||
Monitored the number of log-ins and duration of using the application | ||||||
Kim (2019) [34] | Korea | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 24–28 weeks) | n=22 | n=22 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
Web-based individual program+nutrition session | Usual care | |||||
Online health diary once a week, logging daily FPG and number of steps taken | ||||||
20–30 minutes×12 times every week | ||||||
Mohebbi (2019) [35] | Iran | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM | n=55 | n=55 | Pretest, 3 months/6 months after intervention (3 times) |
(multi-center) | Education on self-management | Usual care | ||||
35–40 minutes×4 times (group) | ||||||
1 month | ||||||
Jeon (2018) [36] | Korea | Non-RCT | Postpartum | n=30 | n=32 | Pretest, 12 weeks post-delivery (2 times) |
women with GDM | Education on postpartum GDM and management: | Provide video after the follow-up measurement | ||||
20 minutes×1 time (pamphlets and video) | ||||||
Telephone follow-up (5 minutes×3 times) | ||||||
6 weeks | ||||||
Ko (2014) [28] | Korea | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 24 weeks) | n=34 | n=34 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
LSM coaching: 30 minutes×4 times (education), 30 minutes×4 times (small group) | Usual care | |||||
Individual telephone coaching: 20 minutes×4 times | ||||||
4 weeks | ||||||
Baek (2013) [29] | Korea | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 24–28 weeks) | n=19 | n=18 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
Case management program | Usual care | |||||
National standards for DM self-management education and Bandura’s self-efficacy resources (1 face-to-face interview and 5 telephone calls) | ||||||
2 weeks | ||||||
Kim (2013) [30] | Korea | Non-RCT | Pregnant women with GDM (IUP 24–30 weeks) | n=28 | n=27 | Pretest and post-test (2 times) |
Integrated self-management program combining GDM education and pregnancy care (emotional support, taekyo, self-management, abdominal breathing, postpartum prevention of T2DM) | Usual care (provide booklet) | |||||
: 1 hour×3 times (small group and pamphlets) | ||||||
Checking self-management, abdominal breathing, SMBG: 10–15 minutes×2 times (telephone and pamphlets) | ||||||
5 weeks |
DM: Diabetes mellitus; DPP: diabetes prevention program; DVD: digital video disc; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IUP: intrauterine pregnancy; LSM: lifestyle modification; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SMBG: self-monitoring blood glucose; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Purpose of intervention | Contents | Randomized controlled trial | Non-randomized controlled trial | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiskin (2018) [31]† | Jelsma (2018) [32]† | Draffin (2017) [23] | Zaheri (2017) [24] | Bastani (2016) [25] | O’Reilly (2016) [26]† | O’Dea (2015) [27]† | Ghaderi (2019) [33] | Kim (2019) [34] | Mohebbi (2019) [35]†; | Jeon (2018) [36]† | Ko (2014) [28]† | Baek (2013) [29]† | Kim (2013) [30]† | ||
Informational support (85.7%) | Give information about GDM (42.9%) | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||
Give information about DM (21.4%) | v | v | v | ||||||||||||
Diet management (57.1%) | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||||
Exercise management (21.4%) | v | v | v | ||||||||||||
Stress management (35.7%) | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||||
Blood glucose management (21.4%) | v | v | v | ||||||||||||
Weight management (21.4%) | v | v | v | ||||||||||||
Good sleep hygiene (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Insulin therapy (14.3%) | v | v | |||||||||||||
Postpartum period management (diet, exercise, stress, weight management after delivery, breastfeeding) (35.7%) | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||||
Prevention of type 2 diabetes (42.9%) | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||||||
Explain how to use educational application (14.3%) | v | v | |||||||||||||
Motivational encouragement (78.6%) | Set a goal for management (50.0%) | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||||
Checking diet management (28.6%) | v | v | v | v | |||||||||||
Checking exercise management (28.6%) | v | v | v | v | |||||||||||
Checking glucose monitoring (35.7%) | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||||
Checking weight management (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Checking postpartum GDM management (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Checking stress management (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Enhancing positive health behaviors (78.6%) | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||
Relaxation (28.6%) | Practicing breathing (21.4%) | v | v | v | |||||||||||
Taekyo (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Practicing yoga (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Nurse-provided acupressure (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Emotional support (28.6%) | Sharing opinions and support for each other (14.3%) | v | v | ||||||||||||
Encouragement to express willingness to self-manage (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Encouragement to express emotions (7.1%) | v | ||||||||||||||
Promoting positive feelings toward outcomes for woman and baby (7.1%) | v |
First author (year) [reference] | Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|
Behavioral | Psychosocial | Physiological | |
Fiskin (2018) [31] | Prenatal attachment↑†, depression↓†, anxiety↓†, stress↓† | ||
Jelsma (2018) [32] | Barriers for PA and diet ↓† | ||
Social support for PA and diet ↑† | |||
Self- efficacy for PA and diet ↑† | |||
Draffin (2017) [23] | 1°: anxiety, 2°: prenatal stress, emotional adjustment to diabetes, self-efficacy, GDM knowledge, risk perception | 1°: glycemic control (PP1hrs breakfast glucose↓†) | |
Zaheri (2017) [24] | 1°: psychological stress (depression, anxiety, stress) ↓† | 2°: glycemic control (FPG↓†) | |
Bastani (2016) [25] | Maternal anxiety↓† | ||
O’Reilly (2016) [26] | 2°: energy from total fat, fiber intake, moderate-intensity PA | 2°: depressive symptoms | 1°: [3 months] diabetes risk factor (Wt↓†, WC↓†, FPG↓†) : [12 months] diabetes risk factor (Wt, WC↓†, FPG↓†) |
2°: reduction in body weight, PP2hrs, SBP, DBP, T.chol↓†, TG , LDL↓†, HDL↓† | |||
O’Dea (2015) [27] | 2°: PA and diet | 2°: mood (positive mental health, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress↓†), cognition (perceived social support, motivation to change, exercise self-efficacy, diet self-efficacy↑†), wellbeing (QOL↑†) | 1°: glycemic control (FPG) |
2°: glycemic control (PP2hrs↓†, IR), lipid profile (TG, HDL, LDL, T.chol), Wt & WC (Wt, BMI, WC) | |||
Ghaderi (2019) [33] | 1°: T2DM risk perception ↑† | ||
2°: T2DM risk perception ↑† | |||
Kim (2019) [34] | Self-care behavior ↑† | Anxiety↓†, depression | Glycemic control (HbA1c↓†, glycated albumin, FPG, PP1hr) |
Mohebbi (2019) [35] | [3 months] Perceived severity↑† | ||
Self-management↑†[3 months] | [6 months] Perceived susceptibility↑†, severity↑†, barriers↓†, benefits↑†, self-efficacy↑†, cues to action↑† | [6 months] Glycemic control (HbA1c↑†) | |
Self-management↑† [6 months] | |||
Jeon(2018) [36] | Self-management | Self-efficacy↑† | Glycemic control (75-g OGTT ) |
Ko (2014) [28] | Self-care behavior↑† | Depression↓† | Glycemic control (FPG↓†, HbA1c↓†) |
Baek (2013) [29] | Self-efficacy↑†, depression↓†, anxiety ↓† | ||
Kim (2013) [30] | Self-management ↑† | Maternal identity↑† | Glycemic control (PP2hrs ↓†, HbA1c) |
1°: Primary outcome; 2°: secondary outcome; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IR: insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PA: physical activity; PP1hr: 1-hour postprandial glucose; PP2hrs: 2-hour postprandial glucose; QOL: quality of life; SBP: systolic blood pressure; T.chol: total cholesterol; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG: triglycerides; WC: waist circumference; Wt: weight.
First author (year) [reference] | Diagnostic criteria | Theoretical framework |
---|---|---|
Baek (2013) [29] | Carpenter criteria 100-g glucose tolerance test | Bandura’s (1977) self-efficacy |
Bastani (2016) [25]† | Not described (personal communications 3 times, but no answer) | Not described |
Draffin (2017) [23] | IADPSG criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test | Not described |
Fiskin (2018) [31]† | Carpenter criteria 100-g glucose tolerance test* | Not described |
Ghaderi (2019) [33]† | Carpenter/IADPSG criteria* (diagnosis reported in patient file) | Not described |
Jelsma (2018) [32] | ADIPS criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test | Rosal’s (2001) patient‐centered counseling model |
Jeon (2018) [36]† | Carpenter criteria 100-g glucose tolerance test* | Health belief model |
Kim (2013) [30] | Carpenter criteria 100-g glucose tolerance test | Cox’s (1982) interaction model of client health behavior |
Kim (2019) [34]† | Carpenter criteria 100-g glucose tolerance test* | Not described |
Ko (2014) [28] | IADPSG criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test | Whitemore’s (2009) goal-reality-options-will (GROW) coaching model |
Mohebbi (2019) [35] | No concerns about clinical diagnostic criteria (diagnosed GDM by physicians) | Health belief model |
O’Dea (2015) [27] | IADPSG criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test | Not described |
O’Reilly (2016) [26] | ADIPS criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test | Not described |
Zaheri (2017) [24]† | IADPSG criteria 75-g glucose tolerance test* | Antoni’s (2007) cognitive-behavioral stress management |